Student teachers take an entrance exam and are given an interview to assess interpersonal skills and motivation. Primary school teachers’ cluster training prepares teachers for grades 1 to 4 and linear training prepares teachers for grades 5 to 8. All students have the same professional training but differ in that cluster training has composite subject matter while linear training includes three specialist subjects. A policy revision is expected to up-grade teacher qualifications to a degree for grades 7 and 8.
- The last 4 years of education are collectively called ‘secondary education,’ which covers the age from 14 to 18 years.
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- MEXT has sole statutory power to charter new universities, with the decision of whether to approve the establishment of a new university based on the outcome of a review conducted by the Council for University Chartering and School Corporation, a MEXT agency.
- Comprehensive school class teachers, who teach grades 1–6, are specialised in pedagogy.
Japan’s singular reliance on private sources to fund higher education further exacerbates concerns about unequal access to a university education. As students at all universities, whether national, public, or private, pay tuition fees, private sources, such as students and their parents, fund a comparatively large share of Japanese higher education. The share of private expenditure on higher education, reaching nearly 69 percent in 2017, is among the highest in the OECD. More popular are the specialized training colleges offering courses at the upper secondary level. As of 2017, 424 institutions offered upper secondary courses to around 38,000 students.
North-American Curriculum
This, combined with the history of slow payment in the state, leaves rural districts searching for funds. Resources that directly relate to funding include access to high-speed internet, online learning programs, and advanced course offerings. These resources can enhance a student’s learning opportunities, but may not be available to everyone if a district cannot afford to offer specific programs.